MECHANICAL HAZARDS

1. CRUSHING:

The body is trapped between two moving parts or one moving part and a fixed object (e.g. a hydraulic lift collapses, crushing a person underneath it).

2. SHEARING:

A part of the body (usually the fingers) is trapped between two parts of the machine, one moving past the other with some speed. The effect is like a guillotine, cutting off the trapped body part.

3. CUTTING / SEVERING:

Contact is made with a moving sharp-edged part, such as a blade (e.g. the blade of a bandsaw).

4. ENTANGLEMENT:

Loose items such as clothing or hair get caught on a rotating machine part and the person is drawn onto the machine.

5. DRAWING IN / TRAPPING: 

A part of the body is caught between two moving parts and drawn into the machine, e.g. at “in-running nips”, where two counter-rotating rollers meet.

6. IMPACT:

The body is struck by a powered part of a machine (this is similar to crushing, but there is no fixed structure to trap the person; the speed and weight of the object does the damage).

7. STABBING / PUNCTURE

Sharp parts of the machine, or parts or material ejected from the machine, penetrate the body (e.g. swarf, sewing-machine needle, abrasive wheel fragments, nails from a nail gun).

8. FRICTION / ABRASION: 

Contact is made with a fast-moving surface, which may be smooth (e.g. touching a spin dryer) or rough (e.g. touching a belt sander).

9. HIGH PRESSURE FLUID INJECTION 

Fluid at very high pressure is ejected from the machine and penetrates the skin (e.g. hydraulic fluid escaping from a burst hydraulic hose).

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DEMOLITION - HAZARDS & CONTROL MEASURES

 

Demolition involves knocking down buildings to clear ground, but it also includes smaller works in maintenance and renovation, such as the dismantling of parts of structures (e.g. one part of a steel-framed building) or the removal of walls (e.g. to create open-plan rooms). The hazards associated with demolition are very similar to those encountered in other types of building work, with a few additions.

Demolition hazards vary depending on the nature of the work, but typical hazards include:

• Premature collapse of structures.

• Work at height.

• Plant and machinery.

• Contact with live overheads.

• Contact with buried services.

• Asbestos.

• Dust.

• Movement of vehicles.

• Explosives.

• Noise and vibration.

• Hazardous substances, which may be present from previous use of the building.

• Biological hazards from vermin or stagnant water.

• Sharp objects, including glass and nails from the demolition, or syringes left by trespassers.

• Manual handling.

The controls and precautions measures include:

• Careful assessment and planning of the work to eliminate hazards where possible, e.g. selecting a demolition method that keeps workers away from the immediate area, such as a long-reach machine or a crane and ball.

• Elimination or control of work at height (see earlier).

• Structural surveys to assess strength and stability of the structure and adjacent structures; propping and supporting may be necessary to prevent collapse.

• Assessing the strength and stability of floors to ensure that plant, machinery and debris placed on them do not exceed the floors’ tolerance.

• Disconnection of services (e.g. gas, electricity, water).

• Removal and disposal of any hazardous materials, such as asbestos, prior to demolition.

• Securing the site with fencing or hoardings to create a buffer zone and exclude unauthorised people.

• Damping down with water spray to reduce dust creation.

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STAGES OF FIRE COMBUSTION

 

STAGE 1:INDUCTION

Heat Produces sufficient vapour which can mix with air above the fuel and generate a flammable mixture.

STAGE 2: IGNITION

Initiates the reaction and, if it becomes self -sustaining and no longer requires an external heat source, combustion develops very quickly and there is a dramatic increase in temperature.

STAGE 3: FIRE GROWTH

a) Rapid development of fire as burning material act as ignition

b) Level of burning and growth depend on levels of oxygen and fuel present

c) Large volumes of smoke and heat generated and possibly spontaneous combustion

d) Growth rate and temperature will eventually reach a plateau

STAGE 4: STEADY STATE

The temperature stabilises and the combustion process reaches a steady state ( the reaction between the fuel and oxygen is balanced until all the fuel is consumed).

STAGE 5: DECAY

Begins when either the fuel or oxygen has been consumed, the fire will then extinguish and gradually cool down.

 

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METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

Four methods by which heat may be transferred during a fire are:

1. Direct Burning

• Heat Comes in direct contact with combustible materials
• Direct contact causes ignition.

2. Conduction 

• Molecule to molecule transfer of heat through conducting solids such as metal beams or pipes.
• Heat is transfer to other parts of the building and can ignite combustible or flammable materials.

3. Convection

• Hot gases rise and become trapped beneath a ceiling or travel through voids and ducts to other parts of a building
• The hot gases ignite combustible or flammable materials.

4. Radiation

The heated materials in a fire will radiate heat (thermal radiation or infrared) which can be absorbed by surfaces near the seat of the fire and cause ignition of nearby fuel.

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Excavation Trench Failure Accident

In this video shows the failure of Excavation Trench. The following hazards are escalate during excavation works 1. Collapse of unsupported excavation 2. Striking Buried Sources 3. People Falling in excavation 4. Objects falling in 5. Flooding of water 6. Hazardous substances - Methane gas 7. Collapse of Adjacent structures

The following any suitable control measures must be implemented to avoid this type of accidents.

1. Battering: The sides of the excavation can be sloped back. 

2. Shoring: The sides of the excavation can be supported with metal or timber that is fixed inside the excavation.

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Basic Workplace Safety

In this video shows the Site Safety Rules:

No smoking,

Never work under suspended load,

Work at height,

Hot work,

Confined space,

Permit to work system,

Energy isolation LOTO,

General Safe Driving principles 

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